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Author: JK

Equivalent Functions: IF function in Excel vs. ifelse() in R

Equivalent Functions: IF function in Excel vs. ifelse() in R

When working with Excel, I believe you use the IF function from time to time, especially when categorizing values. The IF function is particularly useful for this purpose. Here is one example. I want to categorize organic matter (%) by unit 1.0. This process involves converting numeric variables to categorical variables. To achieve this, I have used the IF function as shown above. Then, you can categorize organic matter in the F column as shown above. Now, my next question…

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Efficient Multivariate Summary in R: A Guide to Analyzing Multiple Independent Variables

Efficient Multivariate Summary in R: A Guide to Analyzing Multiple Independent Variables

In my previous post, I introduced how to summarize data, such as mean, standard deviation, and standard error. However, at that moment, I demonstrated how to summarize only one variable. □ Streamlined Data Summary in R STUDIO: Enhancing Bar Graphs with Error Bars Now, let’s discuss this further with a dataset. I would like to summarize the Yield data, including the mean, standard deviation, and standard error. I’ll use ddply() Now, I also want to summarize variables GN and AGW….

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Converting Rows to Columns in R: A Guide to Transposing Data (feat. pivot_wider and pivot_longer)

Converting Rows to Columns in R: A Guide to Transposing Data (feat. pivot_wider and pivot_longer)

When data is arranged, it can be structured either vertically (row-based) or horizontally (column-based). The choice depends on your preference for organizing data. However, when running statistics, data should be arranged row-based, as variables need to be in the same column. On the other hand, when calculating per variable, it is much easier to organize data column-based, allowing for simpler calculations. Regardless of the approach, well-organized data is essential, and the ability to restructure data is a valuable skill. Today,…

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A Guide to Normalizing Data for Different Treatments in R

A Guide to Normalizing Data for Different Treatments in R

I have data, as shown below, regarding iron contents in soil and the plant uptake of iron at different growth stages in winter wheat. I want to analyze the relationship between the iron content in the soil and the plant uptake of iron at different growth stages in winter wheat. We can simply draw a regression graph. However, before doing that, we need to reshape the data. I’ll transpose the data from rows to columns based on the variables in…

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How to delete and change specific texts within a column in R?

How to delete and change specific texts within a column in R?

When we want to change texts within a columns, you can have several methods which I already introduced before. □ How to Rename Variables within Columns in R? However, changing all texts and specific texts would be different. Let’s upload a data. Now, we can change the variables name as following code: How about changing the text in the ID column? I want to remove ‘Delta_’ and keep only the numbers. Will you change the text one by one as…

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How to Upload and Combine Multiple Files In R?

How to Upload and Combine Multiple Files In R?

In a folder, I have 5 different .csv files. I want to upload these files to R and combine all of them because the data format (number of columns and structure) is the same. While you can certainly upload them one by one, imagine a scenario where you have 100 datasets. Will you upload all 100 of them individually? No! That would be a waste of time. In such cases, you can use a simple code to upload multiple files…

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Python Data Preprocessing: Practice

Python Data Preprocessing: Practice

Before diving into in-depth data analysis, a crucial step is data preprocessing. This essential process not only ensures better data quality but also significantly improves the efficiency of your analysis. In this guide, I will introduce a range of powerful Python methods for data preprocessing, equipping you with the tools to optimize your data for more accurate and insightful analysis. I use Goolge Colab when using Python because it’s more user friendly. Please refer how to setup Google Colab in…

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The Science of Apical Dominance: Why Topping is Critical for Hemp Plants?

The Science of Apical Dominance: Why Topping is Critical for Hemp Plants?

In hemp cultivation, “topping” refers to the process of selectively cutting off the upper portion of the plant during its vegetative (growth) phase. This practice holds a central and essential role in plant training, as it encourages horizontal growth and optimizes light utilization, resulting in increased yields. When a plant is topped, the two auxiliary buds located just below the cut site develop into full-fledged branches, often taking on a Y-shaped structure. These secondary branches can also be subjected to…

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Calculating Predicted Values for Each Group in Basic Modeling

Calculating Predicted Values for Each Group in Basic Modeling

□ The Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE): Step-by-Step Guide using R (with AllInOne Package) In my previous post, I explained how to estimate dependent values from fitting models. Now I’ll explain how to add this predicted value to the original data using R. First, let’s upload data to R. Now, I’ll predict yield using the model. I believe that ‘row’ represents a random factor for each treatment, so I’d like to adjust the residuals using BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Predictor),…

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How to calculate responsiveness in response to control using R?

How to calculate responsiveness in response to control using R?

In my previous post, I explained how to quantify phenotypic plasticity and introduced the concept of ‘responsiveness.’ □ Quantifying Phenotypic Plasticity of Crops I introduced a formula to calculate responsiveness as (Treatment – Control) / Control. Genotype Control Treatment Responsiveness A 100 90 -10.0% B 120 70 -41.7% C 115 90 -21.7% D 95 85 -10.5% E 110 105 -4.5% However, when analyzing data, the format may not always be the same as above. Mostly, treatments (independent variable) are arranged in…

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Creating an Azure SQL Database: A step-by-step guide

Creating an Azure SQL Database: A step-by-step guide

When you use SQL, it’s about managing your data in the database. However, you might also expect that you can access your database from wherever you are. If you use SQL programs, you would primarily achieve the former, but it’s less relevant to the latter. SQL is a powerful language for managing data in a database; however, it is not specifically designed for remote access. What we want is both a database and a cloud platform so that I can…

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Azure SQL Code: Summary

Azure SQL Code: Summary

Let’s practice Azure SQL codes. The data you can practice can be downloaded below. https://github.com/agronomy4future/raw_data_practice/blob/main/micronutrients.csv If you download the data, first you can upload data to Azure SQL server. The method to upload data to Azure SQL server is explained in the below post. 1) Create database First, let’s create Database to upload external data in Azure Data Studio. and upload the data in the link I provided. The method to upload external data is explained in the below post….

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Early Hemp Growth: A Vertical and Horizontal Stacking of Leaves

Early Hemp Growth: A Vertical and Horizontal Stacking of Leaves

In the early stages of growth, hemp plants tend to exhibit a pattern of stacked leaves, both horizontally and vertically. This growth pattern is characterized by leaves arranged in pairs at regular intervals along the stem, and as the plant grows, these pairs of leaves may be found at different vertical levels on the stem. This phenomenon is a typical part of the plant’s vegetative growth phase, where it is actively developing its leaves and stems. As the plant matures,…

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MySQL Queries: Selecting Specific Columns

MySQL Queries: Selecting Specific Columns

I have created a data table. If you copy and paste the code below into your MySQL window, you can obtain the same data table. □ Select all data column □ Select specific data column □ Select specific data column within specific variable

How To Calculates Different Values Based On Different Variables In MySQL?

How To Calculates Different Values Based On Different Variables In MySQL?

□ Creating Data Tables in MySQL: A Step-by-Step Guide If you followed my previous post, you can manually create a Data Table. If you copy and paste the code below into your MySQL window and then run it with Ctrl+Shift+Enter, you will see the below data table. ■ How to calculate new values? Now, I’d like to calculate new values. For example, I’ve discovered that the yield data was overestimated, and I want to subtract 20 from each value. ID…

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Creating Data Tables in MySQL: A Step-by-Step Guide

Creating Data Tables in MySQL: A Step-by-Step Guide

□ A Step-by-Step Guide to Importing Excel Data into MySQL If you followed my previous post, you can easily create a Data Table when importing external data. In this post, I will introduce how to create a Data Table manually. First, let’s create a database named ‘test_data.’ Within this database, I’ll create a Data Table. I aim to create a Data Table like the one shown below. ID Reps Variable Yield 1 1 Control 116.08 2 2 Control 132.85 3…

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A Step-by-Step Guide to Importing Excel Data into MySQL

A Step-by-Step Guide to Importing Excel Data into MySQL

[Step 1] Database Setup for Importing Excel Data into MySQL The first step is to create a database for importing external data. The code for this step is as follows: After creating a database, refresh the page to display the newly created database. [Step 2] Setting Up the Table Data In the database you created, right click on the Tables, and select Table Data Import Wizard. Then, you can choose the file pathway where your file is located. Let’s create…

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A Step-by-Step Guide to Installing MySQL Workbench on Your Computer

A Step-by-Step Guide to Installing MySQL Workbench on Your Computer

This is the process to install MySQL Workbench on your PC. First, please go to the link and download the latest version of MySQL. https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/workbench/ The next page will ask you to log in to your Oracle web account or sign up, or you can choose to skip this step and start the download. The choice is yours. You need to choose a Setup Type, and I’ll choose Custom. Next choose the latest both MySQL Server and MySQL Workbench From…

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Powdery mildew in hemp

Powdery mildew in hemp

Powdery mildew in hemp is a common fungal disease that can affect the health and yield of hemp plants. It’s caused by various species of fungi, with Podosphaera xanthii and Golovinomyces cichoracearum being common culprits. Powdery mildew typically appears as white or grayish, powdery spots or patches on the leaves, stems, and even flowers of hemp plants. Infected leaves may curl, become distorted, or die prematurely. As the disease progresses, the powdery spots can merge, covering larger areas of the…

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[Crop Note] Soybean harvest (10 Oct 2023) at Champaign in IL, USA

[Crop Note] Soybean harvest (10 Oct 2023) at Champaign in IL, USA

The soybean harvesting phase usually commences when the soybean plants have achieved complete maturity, and the beans are primed for collection. The precise timing of the harvest may fluctuate, contingent on variables such as the soybean variety, environmental conditions, and geographical region. Nevertheless, there are common indicators to observe: ■ Pod Color: The first indicator of soybean maturity is the color of the pods. As the soybeans mature, the green pods turn yellow or brown, and they may start to…

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Exploring THC and CBD Concentrations in Hemp Plants: A Focus on Female Flowers and Resinous Trichomes

Exploring THC and CBD Concentrations in Hemp Plants: A Focus on Female Flowers and Resinous Trichomes

In hemp plants (Cannabis sativa), the highest concentrations of THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (Cannabidiol) are typically found in the female flowers, especially in the resinous trichomes that cover the flowers and leaves. These trichomes produce the cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, as well as other compounds such as terpenes, which contribute to the plant’s aroma and flavor. Hemp plants are typically grown for their industrial uses, including the production of fiber, seeds, and oil. In many hemp cultivars, the THC…

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Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV) in hemp

Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV) in hemp

Beet curly top virus (BCTV) is a destructive plant virus that primarily affects plants such as sugar beets, tomatoes. It is primarily transmitted by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), which feeds on plant sap and can carry the virus from infected plants to healthy ones. Symptoms of Beet Curly Top Virus on leaves and plants typically include leaf curling. Leaves of infected plants often exhibit severe curling, puckering, and distortion. This is one of the most characteristic symptoms and gives…

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Hemp seed coat is the outer protective layer of a hemp seed

Hemp seed coat is the outer protective layer of a hemp seed

Hemp (or industrial hemp) is Cannabis sativa which is a member of the Cannabaceae family. Actually, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are two of the primary subspecies or varieties of the Cannabis plant, each with its own set of characteristics. It’s important to note that while hemp is a variety of Cannabis sativa, not all cannabis is hemp. The name “cannabis” refers to a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae, which includes both hemp and marijuana. While both…

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How to customize the title format in facet_wrap()?

How to customize the title format in facet_wrap()?

□ Graph Partitioning Using facet_wrap() in R Studio By following my previous post, you can understand how to obtain the figure below. If you copy and paste the code above into your R console, you can obtain the same figure as shown above. Now, I’d like to change the title format by removing the title border. Next, I’d like to draw a line in the title. Please refer to the code below. full code: https://github.com/agronomy4future/r_code/blob/main/How_to_customize_the_title_format_in_facet_wrap().ipynb © 2022 – 2023 https://agronomy4future.com

Understanding Multiple Linear Regression Easily (Part 2: Calculating the Coefficient of Determination Manually)

Understanding Multiple Linear Regression Easily (Part 2: Calculating the Coefficient of Determination Manually)

□ Understanding Multiple Linear Regression Easily (Part 1: Calculating the Regression Equation Manually) In the previous post, we explained how to manually calculate the regression equation in multiple linear regression analysis. Now, in this post, I will explain how to calculate the coefficient of determination (R2) in multiple linear regression analysis. No. Yield (yi) Time (xi1) Moisture (xi2) 1 4.3 4 0.2 2 5.5 5 0.2 3 6.8 6 0.2 4 8.0 7 0.2 5 4.0 4 0.3 6 5.2…

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Understanding Multiple Linear Regression Easily (Part 1: Calculating the Regression Equation Manually)

Understanding Multiple Linear Regression Easily (Part 1: Calculating the Regression Equation Manually)

In my previous posts, I explained the simple linear regression model as five categories. I recommend reading the following posts first. □ Simple linear regression (1/5)- correlation and covariance□ Simple linear regression (2/5)- slope and intercept of linear regression model□ Simple linear regression (3/5)- standard error of slope and intercept□ Simple linear regression (4/5)- t value on the slope and intercept    □ Simple linear regression (5/5)- R_squared In this session, I will explain multiple regression analysis. Multiple regression analysis refers to…

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[Crop Note] current corn stage, R6 (12 Sep 2023) at Champaign in IL, USA

[Crop Note] current corn stage, R6 (12 Sep 2023) at Champaign in IL, USA

Now, corn is progressing toward maturity, currently at the R6 stage, known as Physiological Maturity. This marks the final stage of kernel development, and the corn growth stages are indicated as follows: [Note 1] Corn growth stageR1 – Silking Stage:This stage marks the beginning of reproductive growth. The tassel at the top of the corn plant releases pollen and silks emerge from the ear shoot and catch the pollen to facilitate fertilization. Silks turn brown and dry as fertilization occurs.R2…

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